Types of plants. +
*.Flowering plants
*.Non-flowering plants.
Non- flowering plants +
These are plants which do not produce or bear flowers. +
Examples of non-flowering plants: +
*.Pines
*.Ferns mosses
*.Eucalyptus
*.Mosses
Difference between plants and animals. +
*.Plants make their own food while animals feed on plants and other animals.
Flowering plants: +
These are plants that produce or bear flowers. +
Examples of flowering plants: +
*.mangoes 6. cotton
*.maize 7. Oranges
*.pawpaws 8.Jackfruit.etc
*.peas
*.coffee
Structure of a flowering plant. +
+
+
Week two lesson two. +
Systems of a flowering plant: +
*.Shoot system.
*.Root system
Shoot system. +
*.The system of the plant above the ground level.
*.It develops from the plumule of the seed.
Parts of the shoot system. +
*.Leaves
*.Fruits
*.Node
*.Terminal bud
*.Stem
*.Flower
*.Internode
*.Auxiliary bud
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Leaves: +
Parts of a leaf: +
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Functions of each part: +
Leaf stalk ( petiole ): +
To supply water to the leaf from the branch or stem. +
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Leaf base: +
Attaches the leaf on to the stem. +
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Midrib / midvein: +
Transports water and nutrients from the leaf stalk to other parts of the leaf. +
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Veins. +
-Supply water and minerals from the mid vein to all parts of the leaf. +
-Collects manufactured food from all parts of the leaf to the mid vein. +
+
Stomata. +
-For breathing. +
– For transpiration. +
+
Lamina ( leaf blade ) +
-For making food / photosynthesis. +
+
Week two lesson three. +
Leaf venation. +
This is the arrangement of veins in a leaf. +
Types of leaf venation: +
*.Network leaf venation
*.Parallel leaf venation.
Parallel leaf venation. +
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Examples of plants with parallel leaf venation: +
*.All cereals eg maize, millet, wheat etc.
*.Grass.
*.Sugar cane.
Network leaf venation: +
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Examples of plants with network leaf venation: +
*.All legumes eg beans, soya beans, peas, ground nuts.
*.Jack fruit.
*.Mango plant.
*.Coffee plant.
Type of leaves. +
*.Simple leaves
*.Compound leaves.
Simple leaves: +
They are leaves with one leaflet on the stalk. +
Characteristics of simple leaves. +
*.They have one leaflet on the stalk.
*.They have one margin.
Week two lesson five. +
Examples of simple leaves: +
Simple entire. +
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Plants with simple entire leaves: +
*.Mango
*.Jack fruit
*.Avocado
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Simple serrated. +
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Examples: +
*.Black jack
*.Lantana camara.
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Simple lobbed leaf +
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Simple palmate. +
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Example +
Pawpaw leaf. +
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Simple lanceolate. +
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Examples +
*.Maize
*.Sugar cane
*.Sorghum.
Compound leaves; +
They are leaves with many leaflets on one stalk. +
Characteristics of compound leaves: +
They have many leaflets on a leaf stalk. +
Examples of compound leaves: +
Compound pinnate leaves eg acacia. +
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Compound bi-pinnate leaves eg jacaranda. +
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Compound trifoliate leaves eg beans. +
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Compound digitate. +
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Week two lesson Six +
Uses of leaves to people: +
+
*. Some leaves are eaten as food eg cabbages, onions etc
*.For sale
*.For thatching houses.
*.For making decorations eg palm leaves
*.For beverage eg tea leaves
*.For herbal medicine eg mango leaves, guava leaves etc
*.For feeding domestic animals.
*.For making mats.
*.For study purposes.
Uses of leaves to a plant. +
*.For making food ( photosynthesis )
*.For breathing.
*.For transpiration.
*.Some store food for the plant eg onions and cabbages
*.Some are used for propagation eg bryophyllum
The onion bulb. +
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Functions of parts of the onion. +
Foliage leaves:make food for the onion. +
Fleshy leaves;store food for the onion. +
Scaly leaves;protect the inner parts of the bulb. +
Axillary bud;grows into a new plant / shoot system. +
Stem; –holds the leaves together +
-passage for water and mineral salts from the soil to the leaves. +
– produces leaves, roots and buds. +
Transpiration. +
It is the process by which plants lose water inform of vapour to the atmosphere. +
*.It cools the plant
*.It helps the plant to suck more water from the soil. ( increases osmosis)
Importance of transpiration in the environment. +
*.It helps in rain formation.
An illustration to show how transpiration occurs +
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How plants control the rate of transpiration. +
*.By shedding their leaves.
*.Some plants have small leaves.
*.Some plants have thick leaves with few stomata.
*.Some plants have wax on their leaves.
*.Some plants have thorns instead of leaves.
Factors affecting the rate of transpiration. +
*.Size of the leaf: the larger the leaves, the higher the rate of transpiration.
*.Temperature; the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
*.Humidity; the higher the humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration.
Photosynthesis. +
It is the process by which plants make their own food. +
Photo means light. +
Synthesis means to make, manufacture or build. +
Conditions for photosynthesis. +
Chlorophyll; traps sunlight energy. +
Sunlight;provides energy required for photosynthesis.Carbondioxide and water; are raw materials for photosynthesis +
NB: the byproducts of photosynthesis are oxygen and water vapour. +
Stems +
Uses of stems to people and other animals. +
*.Some stems are eaten.
*.Some stems are used as firewood.
*.For herbal medicine.
*.For making timber.
*.For sale.
*.For study purposes.
*.some are habitats for some animals eg ants and birds
uses of stems to a plant. +
*.Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.
*.Transports food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
*.Some stems are used for breathing.
*.Some stems are used for propagation eg cassava and sugar cane.
*.Stems support leaves and branches of a plant.
*.Some stems store food for the plant eg irish potatoes and sugar
Types of stems. +
Upright stem ( erect stem )eg mango stem, orange stem, maize stem etc. +
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Climbing stems egcucumber, coco yam, pea plants, morning glory etc +
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Underground stems. +
Stem Tubers:They are swollen underground stems with stored food eg irish potatoes and coco yams. +
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Creeping stemseg sweet potatoes +
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NB : sugar cane is not a stem tuber because its stem is not found underground. +
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Ways plants climb others. +
Using tendrilseg passion fruits, cucumber, peas, pumpkins etc. +
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Using hooks or thornseg bougainvillea +
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By twinning (clasping)eg morning glory, some beans and spang. +
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Why some plants climb others. +
*.For support
*.To get enough sunlight energy.
Root system: +
It is the part of a plant below the ground level. +
Tap root system. +
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Examples of plants with tap root system. +
*.Mango plant
*.Bean plant
*.Jack fruit plant
*.Orange plant
Main root:Holds the plant firmly in the ground. +
Lateral roots: Holds the plant firmly in the ground. +
Root hairs:Suck water and mineral salts from the soil. +
Root cap:Protects the growing tip of the roots. +
Fibrous root system. +
The roots grow from one point at the base of the stem. +
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Examples of plants with fibrous root system. +
*.Maize plant
*.Sorghum plant
*.Millet plant
*.Rice plant.
NB:all cereal have fibrous root system. +
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Types of roots; +
*.Primary roots
*.Secondary roots.
Examples of secondary roots. +
*.Prop roots
*.Adventitious roots
*.Breathing roots
*.Clasping roots
*.Buttress roots
*.Stilt roots.
Prop roots: they are commonly found on cereals. +
Their main purpose is to give extra support to the plant. +
Examples of plants with prop roots +
*.Maize plant
*.Sugar cane plant
*.Sorghum plant
*.Barley plant
+
Adventitious roots. +
They develop from the stems of the plant. +
Examples of plants with adventitious roots. +
*.Onion plant
*.Banana plant
*.Pumpkin plant
*.Pineapple plant.
Uses of roots to people. +
*.Some roots are eaten
*.Some are for herbal medicine.
*.Some are sold for money
*.For study purposes.
Uses of roots to plants. +
*.Roots hold the plant firmly in the soil.
*.They suck water and mineral salts from the soil.
*.Some are used for breathing
*.Some store food for the plant eg cassava root, sweet potato root and carrots.
*.Some roots have root nodule which nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Root tubers. +
These are plants with swollen underground roots with stored food. +
Examples are; +
*.Sweet potato plant
*.Cassava plant
*.Carrot plant.
Flowers. +
A flower is the reproductive part of a plant. +
Uses of flowers to plants. +
They are used for reproduction. +
+
Uses of flowers to people. +
*.For decoration
*.For showing love
*.For sale
*.For making perfume
*.Used as wreaths
*.Some flowers are eaten.
*.They are used as a sign of welcome.
Use of flowers to other animals. +
Some collect nectar from flowers eg bees, humming birds, sun birds. +
The structure of a flower: +
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Functions of each part: +
Flower stalk:holds the flower onto the stem. +
Sepals:protect the flower when it is still young (bud stage). +
They make food for the plant since they have chlorophyll. +
Petals:they are brightly coloured to attract pollinators. +
Ovary;develops into a fruit after fertilization. +
Ovules:develop into seeds after fertilization. +
Anther head:produces pollen grains. +
Stigma:receives pollen grains. +
Style:holds the stigma in position. +
Filament:holds the anther head in position. +
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Pistil: +
This is the female part of a flower. +
It is made up of ; stigma, style, ovary and ovules. +
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Stamen: +
This is the male part of a flower. +
It is made up of the anther head and the filament. +
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NB: – A group of sepals is called calyx. +
-A group of petals is called corolla. +
Pollination: +
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of a flower. +
Types of pollination: +
*.Self pollination
*.Cross pollination
Self pollination; +
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma on the same flower. +
Movement of pollen grains in self pollination +
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Plants which carry out self pollination: +
*.Tomato plant
*.Wild magrigoldCross pollination: +
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower but of the same kind. +
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Plants which carry out cross pollination: +
*.Maize plant.
*.Coco nut plant.
*.Pawpaw plant.
*.Cow pea plant.
*.Passion fruit plant.
+
Difference between self and cross pollinated flowers: +
+
Self pollinatedCross pollinated-filaments arelonger than styles
-Styles longer than filaments
-Pistils and stamenOn same flower-Pistils and stamens on different flowers
-Produce large amounts of pollen grains-Produce small amounts of pollen grains.
-Anthers higher than stigmas-Stigmas higher than anthers
Agents of pollination: +
An agent of pollination is anything that carries pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma. +
Some agents of pollination: +
*.Insects like bees, butterflies, moths, beetles.
*.Birds like sunbirds, humming birds.
*.Wind
*.Animals like man.
Difference between wind and insect pollinated flowers. +
Insect pollinatedWind pollinatedHave brightly coloured petals
Have dull coloured petals
Have large petalsHave small petals
Produce scentProduce no scent
Produce nectarProduce no nectar
Produce few pollen grainsProduce a lot of pollen grainsHave sticky stigma
Have hairy stigma
Have heavier pollenHave lighter pollen grains
Changes which occur after fertilization: +
*.Ovules develop into seeds.
*.Ovary develops into a fruit.
*.Petals dry and fall off.
Seeds. +
A seed is a developed ovule. +
Types of seeds: +
*.Monocotyledonous seeds.
*.Dicotyledonous seeds.
Monocotyledonous seeds: +
These are seeds with one cotyledon. +
Examples include: +
*.Rice seeds
*.
*.Sorghum
*.Wheat
*.Maize
*.Oats
*.Barley
Characteristics of monocotyledonous seeds. +
*.They have one cotyledon.
*.They store food in the endosperm.
*.They undergo hypogeal germination.
*.The plants have parallel leaf venation.
*.The plants have fibrous root system.
External parts of a maize grain. +
Internal parts of a maize grain: +
+
Functions of each part; +
Endosperm:stores food for the grain. +
Cotyledon;suck food from the endosperm to the embryo. +
Plumule sheath: protects the plumule . +
Plumule;develops into a shoot system. +
Radicle sheath:protects the radicle. +
Radicle:develops into a root system. +
Embryo:this is made up of the plumule and radicle. +
It develops into a new plant. +
Testa (seed coat):protects the inside parts of the grain. +
Dicotyledonous seeds: +
These are seeds with two cotyledons. +
Examples of dicotyledonous seeds: +
*.Coffee
*.Beans
*.Soya
*.groundnuts
Characteristics of dicotyledonous seeds: +
*.The plants have two cotyledons
*.The plants have tap root system
*.They store food in the cotyledon
*.The plants have network leaf venation
*.They undergo epigeal germination
External parts of a bean seed: +
Internal parts of a bean seed: +
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Functions of each part: +
Cotyledons:store food for the embryo. +
Testa/ seed coat: protects the inside parts of a seed. +
Radicle:develops into the root system. +
Plumule:develops into the shoot system. +
Embryo:grows into a new plant. +
Scar/ hilum:it is where the seed is attached to the pod. +
Seed germination: +
*.It is the growing of a seed into a seedling.
*.A seedling is a young plant.
Conditions for germination: +
*.Water
*.Warmth
*.Oxygen
Importance of each condition; +
Water: –it softena the testa for the embryo to pass. +
-water dissolves the stored food in the cotyledon. +
Oxygen:it is used for respiration. +
Warmth:provides the right temperature for germination. +
The process of germination: +
*.Water enters the seed through the micropyle.
*.The testa softens, swells and allows the radicle to pass through.
*.The cotyledon can either remain in the ground or come out of the ground according to the type of germination.
Types of germination: +
*.Epigeal germination.
*.Hypogeal germination.
+
Epigeal germination; +
The type of germination where the cotyledon comes out of the ground/ soil. +
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Plants with epigeal germination: +
*.Bean plant
*.Soya plant
*.Pea plant
*.Groundnut plant
+
Hypogeal germination: +
It is the type of germination where the cotyledon remains in the soil. +
Plants with hypogeal germination: +
*.Maize plant
*.Wheat plant
*.Sorghum plant
*.Millet plant
*.Oat plant
Uses of seeds to people and other animals: +
*.Some seeds are eaten
*.Some are sold
*.For feeding poultry
*.For decoration
*.For planting.
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